APEX LOCATOR

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HISTORICAL REVIEW

ž 1918 Custer- use of electric current for working length

ž 1942 Suzuki- conducted scientific study of apex locator

ž 1960 Sunada- found electrical resistance between periodontium & oral mucous membrane

ž 1969 Inove- significant contribution in evolution of EAL with his reports on Sono-Explorer

ž 1996 McDonald & Pratten- done experiments in cadaver

CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC APEX LOCATOR

ž By McDonald- depends on:

₋                Type of current flow

₋                Opposition to current flow

₋                Number of frequencies involved

·       Ist generation apex locator

·       IInd generation apex locator

·       IIIrd generation apex locator

·       IVrth generation apex locator

                  

Pulp Protection

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Pulp protection refers to protection of pulp from external irritants. Restorative dental materials provide excellent properties for bulk of dental restoration . But do not protect pulp or preserve its health

Considerations include :

[  Chemical protection

[  Electrical protection

[  Thermal protection

[  Pulp medication

[  Mechanical protection

OBJECTIVES FOR PULP PROTECTION :

1) Mild and strong chemical or mechanical insults

2) If insult produces fluid flow, in or out of dentinal tubules, pressure change is sensed by mechanoreceptors within pulp and patient experiences sensitivity.

3) Leakage of chemical irritants from bacteria or dental materials- pulp becomes inflamed

4)  Smear layer

1.       It is 25 % to 30 % porous

2.       Produce dentinal tubule sealing

3.       Long term diffusion can occur – so necessitates sealing of smear layer for chemical protection

Caries Activity Test

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CONTENT

DENTAL CARIES:

             It is an irreversible  progressive disease  of multifactorial  nature  affecting the calcified tissues of the teeth characterized by demineralization of inorganic portion  & destruction of organic portion of the tooth.

CARIES ACTIVITY:

           Caries activity is a measure of speed of progression of a carious lesion.

CARIES SUSCEPTIBILITY:

            Refers to the inherent  tendency of the host & the target tissue ,  the tooth to be affected by the carious process .

Caries activity test facilitates:

1.Need & extent of personalized preventive measures.

2.Serves as an index of success of the therapeutic measures.

3.Motivates & monitors the effectiveness of education programs relating to dietary & oral hygiene procedures.

4.Manages the progress of restorative procedures.

5.      Identify high risk groups & individuals.

Caries Management Techniques by Minimal Innervation

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CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

·         Prevention of dental caries through dental health education – oral hygiene measures.

·        Early and accurate detection of dental caries.

·        Assessment of caries risk factors

·        Biological approach and reminerilisation therapy- anti microbial therapy, topical fluorides, caries vaccine.

·        Use of tooth conservation techniques for treating caries

                - Ozone gas

                - Air abrasion

                - Laser

                - Chemomechanical caries removal

                - ART

·         Minimally invasive operative intervention

-         Modern adhesive cavity designs