BENIGN EPITHELIAL LESIONS or DISORDERS

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Lymphnode Examination

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 LYMPH  NODE  EXAMINATION

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

·         Lymphatic system is a closed system of channels called lymph channels or lymph vessels. It is the one way system and the lymph flows through this from tissue system towards blood.

Lymph

·         Lymph is a transudate from blood & contains the same proteins as in plasma but in smaller amounts.

·         It mainly consists of lymphocytes.

Lymphatic vessels

·         Lymphatic vessel includes lymph capillaries & larger lymph vessels.

Lymph capillaries are similar to blood capillaries, but adapted to have much greater permeability.

they are found in most tissues of the body, except avascular tissues like cornea, hair, nails etc.

Larger lymph vessels

·         They have structure similar to that of veins.

·         Lymph capillaries join together to form large lymph vessels.

·         THORACIC DUCT is the largest lymph vessel in the body.

Lymph nodes

·         They are bean shaped organs found in clusters along the lymphatic channels of the body.

·         They are mainly composed of lymphoid tissue.

Structure of lymph node

·         Lymph node consists of a connective tissue framework, with numerous lymphocytes and other cells fill the interstices of the network.

·         Lymph node is surrounded by a capsule made of collagen fibres. Numerous septa run into the node from the capsule and divide it into lobules.

Oral Cancer

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO ORAL CANCER

TUMOR

—   By definition is an abnormal mass of tissue, growth  of which exceeds and is uncoordinated  with that of normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner, after  the cessation of the stimuli that evokes the changes.

—  Tumor can either be benign & malignant.

—  Benign tumors are NOT CANCER……..

—  Benign tumors are rarely life-threatening.

—  Generally, benign tumors can be removed, and they usually do not grow back.

— do not invade the tissues around them. and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant  tumors  may be life-threatening

Infection

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CONTENTS

HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION

 1.SAPROPHYTES:  

     Free-living microbes that live on dead or decaying org.matter . They are generally unable to invade the living body . However,when the host resistance is lowered may cause infection.

2.PARASITE:

    A microorganism which lives on living host and derives nutrition from the host.

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RELATED TERMS

1.COMMENSALS:

    Commensals live in complete harmony with the host without causing any harm to it.

2.PATHOGEN:

    Microorganism capable of producing disease in the      host.

3.OPPURTUNISTIC PATHOGENS:

    Some commensals can produce disease when host resistance is lowered.

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4)PATHOGENICITY:

     It refers to the ability of a class of microbes to produce  disease.

5)VIRULENCE:

      Degree of pathogenicity of a microbe.

—    FACTORS    PREDISPOSING   TO      MICROBIAL  PATHOGENICITY   

Determinants of virulence

1.ADHESION:

—The initial event in the pathogenesis is the attachment of bacteria to body surfaces .The adhesive structures are named as adhesins .Adhesins usually occur as fimbria or fibrillae and pili or as colonisation factors.

2.INVASIVENESS:

    This ability of an organism to spread within the host tissues after establishing infection.Highly invasive pathogens produce spreading or generalised lesions,while less invasive pathogens cause localised lesions.

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3.ANTIPHAGOCYTIC FACTORS:

   Macrophages and polymorphs play role in phagocytosis of microbes. Factors which opposes phagocytosis for survival of bacteria:

   a)CAPSULE: Capsule contributes to the virulence of bacteria by preventing phagocytosis . Non capsulated variants usually exhibit low virulence

  b)STREPTOCOCCAL M PROTIEN : The M protein present on the surface of Gp A streptococci binds both fibrinogen and fibrin  to the bacterial cell wall thus masking the bacterial receptors  from the complement

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    c)CYTOTOXIN: Cytotoxins produced by certain bacteria interfere with chemotaxis or kill the phagocyte.Staph.aureus produces  haemolysins  and leukocidin.

    d)BACTERIAL SURFACE ANTIGENS: Vi antigen of S.typhi and K antigen of E.coli enable these bacteria to resist phagocytosis and lytic activity of complement.

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4.SURVIVAL WITHIN THE PHAGOCYTE:

    Ingestion of a microbe by a phagocyte results in the formation of a phagholysosome by the fusion of phagosome with lysosome.Any organism which interferes with the formation of phagolysosome can survive intracellularly.

  5.BACTERIAL TOXINS:

       2 types.

    a)Endotoxin

    b)Exotoxin

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Bronchietasis

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Measles

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Laboratory diagnosis and treatment of malaria

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Pathogenesis & Laboratory diagnosis of Echinococcus

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Taenia Solium

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